•.. صَالة المُنتدى ..

But this does not necessarily mean that our minds store and process
grammar inprecisely this form.

• Psycholinguistics has to take account of differences in the way in which we process the two forms (or modalities) of language: the spoken and the written.

You may be familiar with the major stylistic differences between the two (especially if you have studied discourse analysis).

Here are three considerations which are especially important for language processing:


1. Speech is spontaneous, whereas writing is deliberate. The result is that speech is often less precise than writing and more loosely structured syntactically.

2. Speech is connected, whereas writing uses discrete units.
3. Speech takes place in real-time while writing can be reviewed

• Productive processes, through speaking and writing,
demand that we encode ideas into language;

• Receptive processes, through reading and listening,
demand that we decode language into ideas.